a minimag light keyring fob makes a nice kubotan.
When I worked security, I would make sure almost everything on me was lethal
cross pens are expensive, but they are practically all metal.
it is also possible to carry a sheathed, 7" Tanto in the front of your pants comfortably. That armor piercing tip could come out in a flash!
The pepper spray was most effective in a suprise situation, like the ninja 'disappearing smoke' you can fade away from a crowd of hostiles in a cloud of red peppery mist.
Many times, attackers need to align you with a perfect spot to jump you - by using awareness, you mess up the timing the suspect wanted - putting him at a disadvantage or hesitation.
On a stairway - don't fight on a landing, turn and confront the attacker in mid-stairs - especially if you can be the higher person on the stairs - now you can kick him in the face easily, and no one expects to fight mid-stairs.
Door locks are very important. Many people tend to not lock doors as they are lazy. When working security, or not - get in the habit of locking doors behind you. Your practise locking doors will also give you practise unlocking doors - pretty soon you can unlock doors so effortlessly with a key - that people think no key! Anyone chasing you will be stopped by each locked door you put between you and them. Some doors that have to be left open, can still be primed locked - so if an emergency arise (active shooter in an office or school) anyone can close the door and be secure.
Active shooters are the worst, and can happen anywhere. An active shooter is someone that is commiting mass murder, and they will not stop until they are out of bullets or dead. This situation, the victims need to be clear that they have only one chance to survive - either fight the shooter or escape. This situation is not the same as a robbery, domestic, gang-related, - the shooter is a threat to everyone, and has only one purpose - to shoot everyone.
Many victims get killed because they waited so long before they reacted, they assumed 'it will not happen to me', or someone will do something to stop this'. Be the first to react, and stay alive.
DNR